Frankincense

Boswellia carterii

【Overview】

Origin | Somalia
Plant Family | Oleaceae
Plant Aroma | Sweet resinous fragrance, creating a dynamic balance that evokes the sacred woody aroma of ancient history.
Extraction Site | Resin
Extraction Method | Distillation

Preferred sourcing from the warm and dry region of Galgayo, Somalia.

Located in East Africa, Galgayo, Somalia, falls under a subtropical and tropical desert climate with high temperatures and low rainfall throughout the year. Such climatic conditions foster the resilience of the Frankincense grown in this region.

The Frankincense trees in Somalia adapt to the arid environment, exuding milky-white resin from their bark, which emits a fresh and distant aroma akin to the storytelling of a profound sage narrating the depths of history.

【Main Benefits】

◇ Main Components | Monoterpenes

Somali Frankincense contains a substantial amount of monoterpenes, mainly α-pinene, which instantly enhances breathing and has a protective effect on mucous membranes. Another component, α-phellandrene, exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory effects. The high content of various esters can deepen and relax breathing, leading to a sense of calm and harmonious relaxation for the body, mind, and soul. Moreover, Somali Frankincense can help with promoting blood circulation, resolving blood stasis, and has relatively long-lasting effects when applied to the body.

? According to data provided by Bowles (2003), the main components of Frankincense include 34.5% α-pinene, 14.6% α-phellandrene, and 14% caryophyllene. All three are monoterpenes and are generally believed to have properties that promote respiratory health and alleviate pain.

【Component Analysis】

1. α-Pinene)

◇ Pharmacokinetics

Numerous studies have shown that α-pinene has anti-inflammatory effects (Gil et al., 1989) and supports respiratory health (bronchodilator) (Falk et al., 1990). Data also suggests that it has a good effect against a wide range of microorganisms (Nissen et al., 2010). Its convincing utility lies in its ability to enhance memory, prevent dementia, and function as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, among other effects.

?? Benefits: Sedative, anxiety-reducing, tension-relieving, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic (similar to camphor), skin repair, antibacterial.

? Uses: Aromatherapy, massage oil, skincare.

? Comparing the differences between Somali Frankincense and Indian Frankincense.

? Frankincense exhibits different effects depending on its origin.

? Frankincense products can be categorized into medicinal and non-medicinal types (the latter containing minimal amounts of boswellic acids). The main varieties of medicinal Frankincense are:
1) Boswellia carterii Birdw., distributed in Oman, Yemen, and Somalia.
2) Boswellia sacra Fluck., distributed in Somalia.
3) Boswellia papyrifera (Del) Hochst., distributed in Ethiopia, Sudan, Eritrea, Nigeria, Uganda, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic.
4) Boswellia serrata Roxb., distributed in India. Frankincense is graded based on color, purity, age, aroma, shape, and origin.

? Due to its relatively high price, Frankincense may be adulterated with similar resins like copal or storax, along with starch, resulting in fake and inferior products. In a 2012 sampling of 50 Frankincense samples, 23 were found to be counterfeit, with 22 containing rosin acid and 13 containing starch. In a 2017 inspection of Frankincense sold in five different regions (Bozhou, Hangzhou, Chengdu, Shanghai, Chongqing), it was found that all samples were from Ethiopia, meeting the standards, but with varying degrees of adulteration with rosin acid. Though the content of rosin acid in rosin is less than 0.1%, it is slightly toxic and can pose long-term risks to the human body, making the examination of rosin acid in Frankincense necessary.

【Market Applications】

◇ Uses / Characteristics

? Relaxation, pain relief, calming the nervous system, emotional balance.
? Anti-inflammatory, helping with qi circulation, restoring complexion, skincare.
? Facilitating respiratory health, assisting memory enhancement.a

1. Skincare Products

Benefits: Cleansing and antimicrobial, purifying the skin, suitable for inflammation relief, regulating free radicals, and skin aging.
Examples: Facial soaps, cleansing mousses, toners, serums, lotions, skin tonics, creams, eye creams, etc.

2. Body Care Products

Benefits: Antimicrobial, reducing inflammation on sensitive skin, regulating free radicals, and skin aging.
Examples: Shampoos, body washes, etc.

3. Personal Care Products

Benefits: Alleviating inflammation, calming the nervous system, emotional balance, pain relief, anti-depression, providing peace and comfort.
Examples: Massage oils, essential oil sprays, diffusers.

4. Environmental Cleaning Products?

Benefits: Inhibiting microbes, cleaning.
Examples: Cleansing sprays, hand soaps, perfume compounds.

【Product Description】

◇ Formula Application / Usage?

? Solubility: Lipophilic
? Method of Mixing:
- Add at room temperature, no need for additional heating to avoid prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
- Add the oil phase to the cosmetics for dissolution before emulsification.

◇ Precautions

? Please adjust the usage ratio according to individual skin conditions.
? This product is a raw material, it is recommended to dilute before use.
? Perform a patch test on a small area of skin before using on the face.
? Please use in normal dosages.

Reference｜

1. Kazemian A, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of mixture of Boswellia carterii, Zingiber officinale, and Achillea millefolium on severity of symptoms, anxiety, and depression in irritable bowel syndrome patients. J Res Med Sci. 2017; 22: 120.

2. Yang, H.; Woo, J.; Pae, A.-N.; Um, M.-Y.; Cho, N.-C.; , J.; Lee, C.-J.; Cho, S. (2016). "α-Pinene, a major constituent of pine tree oils, enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice through GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors". Molecular Pharmacology. 90 (5): 530–539.

3. Mahmoudvand, H.; Sheibani, V.; Keshavarz, H.; Shojaee, S.; Esmaeelpour, K.; Ziaali, N. (2016). Journal of Parasitology. 11 (2): 177–185

4. Mohamed, A. A., Ali, S. I., Kabiel, H. F., Hegazy, A. K., Kord, M. A., & EL-Baz, F. K. (2015). Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Extracts of Boswellia carteri Resin. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7, 502-509.

5. Potentiating Antidepressant Action of Boswellia Serrata in Acute Models of Depression: A Preclinical Study. January 2013

6. Rafie Hamidpour, Frankincense (Frankincense Rǔ Xiāng; Boswellia Species): From the Selection of Traditional Applications to the Novel Phytotherapy for the Prevention and Treatment of Serious Diseases J Tradit Complement Med. 2013 Oct-Dec; 3(4): 221– 226.

7. Prabhakar Adake 1*, Chandrashekar R 2 , S.N. Rao 3 .Preclinical evaluation of antidepressant activity of Boswellia serrata by Tail Suspension Test. Journal No: 7725 Vol. 2 No. 5 2013.

8. Russo, E. B. (2011). "Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects". British Journal of Pharmacology. 163 (7): 1344–1364.

9. M. Z. Siddiqui. Boswellia Serrata, A Potential Antiinflammatory Agent: An Overview. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011 May-Jun; 73(3): 255–261.

10. Nissen, L.; Zatta, A.; Stefanini, I.; Grandi, S.; Sgorbati, B.; Biavati, B.; et al. (2010). varieties (Cannabis sativa L.)". Fitoterapia. 81 (5): 413–419.

11. Krishanu Sengupta et al. Comparative Efficacy and Tolerability of 5-Loxin? and Aflapin? Against Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Study. Int J Med Sci. 2010; 7(6): 366– 377.

12. Ammon HP. Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Med. 2006 Oct;72(12):1100-16.

13. Kimmatkar N et al. Efficacy and tolerance of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee--a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2003 Jan;10(1):3-7.

14. Pungle P, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of boswellic acids of Boswellia serrata Roxb. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003 Dec;41(12):1460-2.

15. Gerhardt H. et al. Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia eseratta extract. Z Gastroenterol. 2001; 39: 11-17.

16. Gupta I. et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Med Res 1997 Jan; 2(1): 37-43.

17. Gupta I. et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study. Eur J Med Res 1998 Nov 17;3(11): 511-4.

18. Study on the origin of frankincense (Ⅱ). Characters, microscope, TLC and HPLC identification techniques to analyze three kinds of frankincense. Wang Zhao, Sun Lei, Kang Shuai, etc. Chinese Materia Medica 2014, 37(6): 981-984. 19. Commodity survey and quality testing method research of frankincense. Zhong Mingcheng, Rao Weiwen, Xiao Cong. Chinese Modern Applied Pharmacy 2012, 26(5): 409-414. 20. Quality evaluation of frankincense commercially available in 5 different regions and inspection of rosin which is easily adulterated. Zhai Xin, Pang Kejian, Tang Hui, etc. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao 2017, 28(8): 1866-1869.

｜Some images sourced from the internet. Contact for copyright removal.｜

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這篇文章 Introduction to Raw Materials｜Boswellia carterii 最早出現於 古天乐代言太阳集团网址精油专家。

Cistus
Cistus ladaniferus

【Overview】

Key Origin｜Spain
Botanical Family｜Cistaceae
Aroma｜Deep and distinctive woody scent with a hint of musk.
Extraction Part｜Leaves
Extraction Method｜Distillation

Preferred sources are from the Andalusia region in southern Spain, located on the Mediterranean coast, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and facing Morocco to the south. This region experiences hot and dry summers, making it ideal for plant growth. Cistus is native to Spain and is also cultivated in Portugal, France, Sicily, Greece (Crete), Algeria, Morocco, and Cyprus. Wild cistus plants are increasingly discovered throughout the Mediterranean region. They thrive in well-drained sandy soil. The intense Mediterranean summer sun and drought, combined with harsh cold from the north in winter, contribute to the cistus's robust self-healing abilities. Its abundant aromatic resin easily heals broken branches and leaves. The essential oil obtained through resin distillation has the power to soothe past traumas embedded deep within the soul and skin.

? Essential Oil V.S. Absolute

【Key Benefits】

◇ Main Components｜Monoterpenes, Monoterpenols, Diterpenols (Labdanol)

The main constituents include α-pinene (up to 55% content), camphene, bornyl acetate, ledol, hinokitiol, sabinene, and many others.

Cistus possesses strong health-supporting properties by combating natural oxidation, regulating environmental defense, and inhibiting microbial activity. It has regulatory effects on pathogen proliferation, protecting the respiratory system, and can be used during flu periods. It has also demonstrated significant effects in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of prostate cells, showcasing its cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activities, which can be applied to benign and malignant prostate enlargement as well as other cancer treatments. Extracts derived from cistus significantly enhance the body's defense mechanisms and possess the ability to regulate sensitive skin. cistus contains numerous polyphenols that can neutralize free radicals, regulate the formation and progression of inflammation within the body, and strengthen cardiovascular health.

【Component Analysis】

1. α-Pinene

α-Pinene is one of the widely distributed terpenes in nature.
It can reduce proinflammatory cytokines, regulate the excessive expression of inflammatory factors, and thus have anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving effects, helping in the healing of damaged tissues.
? Benefits: Regulates inflammation, has the ability to regulate sensitive skin.
? Application: In the chemical industry, α-pinene is catalytically oxidized to produce various artificial fragrances, such as camphorone.

(Reference: U. Neuenschwander, Mechanism of the Aerobic Oxidation of α-Pinene, ChemSusChem. 2010, 3 (1): pp. 75–84)

2. Camphene

? Benefits: Reduces respiratory mucus secretion.
? Application: Used in the preparation of fragrances or as a food flavoring additive.

3. Bomyl acetate (also known as Borneol Acetate)

It can be isolated from essential oils or synthesized by acetylation of levorotatory borneol with acetic anhydride.

• Benefits: Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, helps relieve stress, aids in sleep.
• Application: Used in the formulation of perfumes.

4. Himbaccol

? Benefits: Exhibits anti-tuberculosis activity, regulates inflammation, and possesses antioxidative properties.

【Market Applications】

◇ Usage/Characteristics

? ? Clears the respiratory system and helps reduce mucus.
? Aids in wound healing and the recovery of new and old wounds.
? Softens the skin, protects and smooths wrinkles, soothes sensitive skin.
? Alleviates anxiety, stabilizes the nerves, nourishes.

1. Skincare Products

Benefits: Cleansing, softens the skin, balances the complexion, soothes inflammation, regulates and purifies the skin, protects the skin, smooths wrinkles.
Examples: Facial soaps, cleansing mousses, toners, serums, lotions, skin-balancing fluids, creams, eye creams, etc.

2. Body Care Products

Benefits: Antimicrobial, soothes inflammation and itching, relieves discomfort of the skin, alleviates anxiety.
Examples: Shampoos, body washes, bath products, soothing lotions.

3. Daily Necessities Products

Benefits: Clears the respiratory system, helps reduce mucus, aids in wound healing, heals new and old wounds, relieves gout, rheumatoid arthritis, muscle or joint pain, calms anxiety, stabilizes the nerves, nourishes.
Examples: Nasal sprays, soothing massage oils, ointments, perfumes, etc.

4. Household Cleaning Products

Benefits: Inhibits microbial growth, purifies the air.
Examples: Purifying sprays, cleansing hand soaps.

【Product Information】

◇ Formulation/Application

? Solubility: Lipophilic (oil-soluble).
? Mixing method:
Add at room temperature, no additional heating required, avoiding prolonged high temperatures.
Add the oil component before emulsification in cosmetics, dissolve, and mix before emulsification.

◇ Precautions

? Adjust usage proportions according to individual skin condition.
? This product is a raw material, it is recommended to dilute before use.
? Perform a patch test on a small area of the skin before applying to the face.
? Use in normal doses.

References｜

1.Zygmunt Zdrojewicz et al. [Cistus - queenof teas] Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2018. Aug 29;45(266):53-56.

2.El Kabbaoui M, Chda A, El-Akhal J, Azdad O,Mejrhit N, Aarab L, Bencheikh R, Tazi A. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studiesof the aqueous extract from leaves of Cistus ladaniferus L. inmice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017 Sep 14;209:147-156.

3.Guinoiseau E, et al. Susceptibility of themulti-drug resistant strain of Enterobacter aerogenes EA289 to the terpenealcohols from Cistus ladaniferus essential oil. Nat Prod Commun.2011 Aug;6(8):1159-62.
4.U. Neuenschwander, Mechanism of the AerobicOxidation of α-Pinene, ChemSusChem. 2010, 3 (1): pp. 75–84
5.Amensour M, Sendra E, Pérez-Alvarez JA,Skali-Senhaji N, Abrini J, Fernández-López J. Antioxidant activity and chemicalcontent of methanol and ethanol extracts from leaves of rockrose (Cistus ladaniferus).Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2010 Jun;65(2):170-8.
6.Belmokhtar M, et al. Antihypertensive andendothelium-dependent vasodilator effects of aqueous extractof Cistus ladaniferus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Nov6;389(1):145-9.
7.Aziz M, et al. Relaxant effect of aqueousextract of Cistus ladaniferus on rodent intestinal contractions.Fitoterapia. 2006 Sep;77(6):425-8.
8.Regulatory mechanism of food factors in bonemetabolism and prevention of osteoporosis.Yamaguchi M. Yakugaku Zasshi.2006 Nov;126(11):1117-37.
9.Nagai T, et al. Antioxidative ability in alinoleic acid oxidation system and scavenging abilities against active oxygenspecies of enzymatic hydrolysates from pollen Cistus ladaniferus. IntJ Mol Med. 2005 Feb;15(2):259-63.
10.Mekhfi H, et al. Platelet anti-aggregant property of some Moroccanmedicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Oct;94(2-3):317-22.
11[Contribution to the study of the essenceof Cistus ladaniferus]. Buenadicha P. Farmacognosia.1964;24(3):85-104.

｜Some images sourced from the internet. Contact for copyright removal.｜

這篇文章 Introduction to Raw Materials｜Cistus 最早出現於 古天乐代言太阳集团网址精油专家。